author | Mario de Sousa <msousa@fe.up.pt> |
Sun, 15 May 2011 10:22:15 +0100 | |
changeset 297 | 5670eda90408 |
parent 265 | 4d222f46f8cc |
child 444 | 92d40d2a7adc |
permissions | -rwxr-xr-x |
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MATIEC - IEC 61131-3 compiler |
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The following compiler has been based on the |
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FINAL DRAFT - IEC 61131-3, 2nd Ed. (2001-12-10) |
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Copyright (C) 2003-2011 Mario de Sousa (msousa@fe.up.pt) |
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**************************************************************** |
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**************************************************************** |
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**************************************************************** |
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********* ********* |
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********* ********* |
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********* O V E R A L L A R C H I T E C T U R E ********* |
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********* ********* |
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********* ********* |
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**************************************************************** |
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**************************************************************** |
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**************************************************************** |
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The compiler works in 4(+1) stages: |
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Stage 1 - Lexical analyser - implemented with flex (iec.flex) |
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Stage 2 - Syntax parser - implemented with bison (iec.y) |
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Stage 3 - Semantics analyser - currently in its early stages |
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Stage 4 - Code generator - implemented in C++ |
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Stage 4+1 - Binary code generator - gcc, javac, etc... |
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Data structures passed between stages, in global variables: |
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1->2 : tokens (int), and token values (char *) |
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2->1 : symbol tables (defined in symtable.hh) |
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2->3 : abstract syntax tree (tree of C++ classes, in absyntax.hh file) |
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3->4 : Same as 2->3 |
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4->4+1 : file with program in c, java, etc... |
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The compiler works in several passes: |
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Pass 1: executes stages 1 and 2 simultaneously |
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Pass 2: executes stage 3 |
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Pass 3: executes stage 4 |
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Pass 4: executes stage 4+1 |
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NOTE 1 |
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====== |
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Note that stage 2 passes data back to stage 1. This is only |
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possible because both stages are executed in the same pass. |
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NOTE 2 |
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====== |
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It would be nice to get this parser integrated into the gcc |
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group of compilers. We would then be able to compile our st/il |
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programs directly into executable binaries, for all the processor |
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architectures gcc currently supports. |
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The gcc compilers are divided into a frontend and backend. The |
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data structure between these two stages is called the syntax |
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tree. In essence, we would need to create a new frontend that |
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would parse the st/il program and build the syntax tree. |
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Unfortunately the gcc syntax tree is not very well documented, |
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and doing semantic checking on this tree would probably be a |
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nightmare. |
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We therefore chose to follow the same route as the gnat (ada 95) |
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and cobol compilers, i.e. generate our own abstract syntax tree, |
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do semantic checking on our tree, do whatever optimisation |
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we can at this level on our own tree, and only then build |
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the gcc syntax tree from our abstract syntax tree. |
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All this may still be integrated with the gcc backend to generate |
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a new gnu compiler for the st and il programming languages. |
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Since generating the gcc syntax tree will probably envolve some |
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trial and error effort due to the sparseness of documentation, |
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we chose to start off by coding a C++ code generator for |
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our stage 4. We may later implement a gcc syntax tree generator |
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as an alternative stage 4 process, and then integrate it with |
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the gcc toplevel.c file (command line parsing, etc...). |
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**************************************************************** |
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**************************************************************** |
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**************************************************************** |
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********* ********* |
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********* ********* |
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********* S T A G E 1 ********* |
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********* ********* |
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********* ********* |
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**************************************************************** |
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**************************************************************** |
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**************************************************************** |
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Issue 1 |
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======= |
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The syntax defines the common_character_representation as: |
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<any printable character except '$', '"' or "'"> | <escape sequences> |
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Flex includes the function print_char() that defines |
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all printable characters portably (i.e. whatever character |
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encoding is currently being used , ASCII, EBCDIC, etc...) |
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Unfortunately, we cannot generate the definition of |
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common_character_representation portably, since flex |
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does not allow definition of sets by subtracting |
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elements in one set from another set (Note how |
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common_character_representation could be defined by |
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subtracting '$' '"' and "'" from print_char() ). |
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This means we must build up the defintion of |
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common_character_representation using only set addition, |
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which leaves us with the only choice of defining the |
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characters non-portably... |
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119 |
|
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In short, the definition we use for common_character_representation |
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121 |
only works for ASCII character encoding! |
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122 |
|
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123 |
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124 |
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126 |
Issue 2 |
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127 |
======= |
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128 |
|
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We extend the IEC 61131-3 standard syntax to allow inclusion of |
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130 |
other files. The accepted syntax is: |
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131 |
|
265
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132 |
{#include "<filename>" } |
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133 |
|
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We use a pragma directive for this (allowed by the standard itself), |
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since it is an extension of the standard. In principle, this would |
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136 |
be ignored by other standard complient compilers! |
0
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137 |
|
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138 |
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139 |
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140 |
**************************************************************** |
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141 |
**************************************************************** |
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142 |
**************************************************************** |
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143 |
********* ********* |
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144 |
********* ********* |
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145 |
********* S T A G E 2 ********* |
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146 |
********* ********* |
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147 |
********* ********* |
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148 |
**************************************************************** |
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149 |
**************************************************************** |
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**************************************************************** |
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151 |
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152 |
Overall Comments |
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153 |
================ |
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154 |
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156 |
Comment 1 |
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157 |
--------- |
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158 |
We have augmented the syntax the specification defines to include |
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159 |
restrictions defined in the semantics of the languages. |
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160 |
|
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161 |
This is required because the syntax cannot be parsed by a LALR(1) |
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162 |
parser as it is presented in the specification. Many reduce/reduce |
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and shift/reduce conflicts arise. This is mainly because the parser |
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164 |
cannot discern how to reduce an identifier. Identifiers show up in |
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165 |
many places in the syntax, and it is not entirely possible to |
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166 |
figure out if the identifier is a variable_name, enumeration |
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value, function block name, etc... only from the context in |
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168 |
which it appears. |
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169 |
|
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170 |
A more detailed example of why we need symbol tables are |
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171 |
the type definitions... In definition of new types |
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(section B 1.3.3) the parser needs to figure out the class of |
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173 |
the new type being defined (enumerated, structure, array, etc...). |
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This works well when the base classes are elementary types |
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(or structures, enumeration, arrays, etc. thereof). It becomes |
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176 |
confusing to the parser when the new_type is based on a previously |
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177 |
user defined type. |
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178 |
|
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179 |
TYPE |
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new_type_1 : INT := 99; |
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new_type_2 : new_type_1 := 100; |
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182 |
END_TYPE |
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183 |
|
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184 |
When parsing new_type_1, the parser can figure out that the |
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185 |
identifier new_type_1 is a simple_type_name, because it is |
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186 |
based on a elementary type without structure, arrays, etc... |
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187 |
While parsing new_type_2, it becomes confused how to reduce |
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188 |
the new_type_2 identifier, as it is based on the identifier |
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189 |
new_type_1, of which it does not know the class (remember, at this |
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190 |
stage new_type_1 is a simple identifier!). |
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191 |
We therefore need to keep track of the class of the user |
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192 |
defined types as they are declared, so that the lexical analyser |
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193 |
can tell the syntax parser what class the type belongs to. We |
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194 |
cannot use the abstract syntax tree itself to search for the |
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195 |
declaration of new_type_1 as we only get a handle to the root |
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196 |
of the tree at the end of the parsing. |
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197 |
|
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198 |
We therefore maintain an independent and parallel table of symbols, |
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199 |
that is filled as we come across the type delcarations in the code. |
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200 |
Actually, we ended up also needing to store variable names in |
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201 |
the symbol table. Since variable names come and go out of scope |
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202 |
depending on what portion of code we are parsing, we sometimes |
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203 |
need to remove the variable names from the symbol table. |
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204 |
Since the ST and IL languages only have a single level of scope, |
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205 |
I (Mario) found it easier to simply use a second symbol table for |
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206 |
the variable names that is completely cleared when the parser |
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207 |
reaches the end of a function (function block or program). |
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208 |
|
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209 |
What I mean when I say that these languages have a single level |
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210 |
of scope is that all variables used in a function (function block |
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211 |
or program) must be declared inside that function (function block |
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212 |
or program). Even global variables must be re-declared as EXTERN |
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213 |
before a function may access them! This means that it is easy |
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214 |
to simply load up the variable name symbol table when we start |
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215 |
parsing a function (function block or program), and to clear it |
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216 |
when we reach the end. Checking whether variables declared |
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217 |
as EXTERN really exist inside a RESOURCE or a CONFIGURATION |
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218 |
is left to stage 3 (semantic checking) where we can use the |
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219 |
abstract tree itself to search for the variables (NOTE: semantic |
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220 |
cheching at stage 3 has not yet been implemented, so we may yet |
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221 |
end up using a symbol table too at that stage!). |
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222 |
|
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223 |
Due to the use of the symbol tables, and special identifier |
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224 |
tokens depending on the type of identifier it had previously |
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225 |
been declared in the code being parsed, the syntax was slightly |
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226 |
changed regarding the definition of variable names, derived |
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227 |
function names, etc... FROM for e.g.: |
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228 |
variable_name: identifier; |
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229 |
TO |
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variable_name: variable_name_token; |
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231 |
|
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232 |
Flex first looks at the symbol tables when it finds an identifier, |
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233 |
and returns the correct token corresponding to the identifier |
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234 |
type in question. Only if the identifier is not currently stored |
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235 |
in any symbol table, does flex return a simple identifier_token. |
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|
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This means that the declarations of variables, functions etc... |
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were changed FROM: |
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function_declaration: FUNCTION derived_function_name ... |
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TO |
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function_declaration: FUNCTION identifier ... |
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since the initial definition of derived_function_name had been |
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changed FROM |
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derived_function_name: identifier; |
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TO |
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derived_function_name: derived_function_name_token; |
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|
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|
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Comment 2 |
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--------- |
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Since the ST and IL languages share a lot of common syntax, |
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I have decided to write a single parser to handle both languages |
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simultaneously. This approach has the advantage that the user |
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may mix the language used in the same file, as long as each function |
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is written in a single lanuage. |
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|
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This approach also assumes that all the IL language operators are |
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keywords, which means that it is not possible to define variables |
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using names such as "LD", "ST", etc... |
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Note that the spec does not consider these operators to be keywords, |
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so it means that they should be available for variable names! On the |
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other hand, all implementations of the ST and IL languages seems to |
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treat them as keywords, so there is not much harm in doing the same. |
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|
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If it ever becomes necessary to allow variables with names of IL |
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operators, either the syntax will have to be augmented, or we can |
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brake up the parser in two: one for ST and another for IL. |
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/********************************/ |
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/* B 1.3.3 - Derived data types */ |
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/********************************/ |
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|
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Issue 1 |
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278 |
======= |
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|
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According to the spec, the valid construct |
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TYPE new_str_type : STRING := "hello!"; END_TYPE |
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282 |
has two possible routes to type_declaration... |
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283 |
|
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284 |
Route 1: |
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285 |
type_declaration: single_element_type_declaration |
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286 |
single_element_type_declaration: simple_type_declaration |
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simple_type_declaration: identifier ':' simple_spec_init |
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simple_spec_init: simple_specification ASSIGN constant |
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(shift: identifier <- 'new_str_type') |
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simple_specification: elementary_type_name |
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elementary_type_name: STRING |
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(shift: elementary_type_name <- STRING) |
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(reduce: simple_specification <- elementary_type_name) |
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(shift: constant <- "hello!") |
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(reduce: simple_spec_init: simple_specification ASSIGN constant) |
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296 |
(reduce: ...) |
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297 |
|
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298 |
|
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299 |
Route 2: |
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type_declaration: string_type_declaration |
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string_type_declaration: identifier ':' elementary_string_type_name string_type_declaration_size string_type_declaration_init |
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302 |
(shift: identifier <- 'new_str_type') |
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elementary_string_type_name: STRING |
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(shift: elementary_string_type_name <- STRING) |
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(shift: string_type_declaration_size <- /* empty */) |
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string_type_declaration_init: ASSIGN character_string |
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(shift: character_string <- "hello!") |
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(reduce: string_type_declaration_init <- ASSIGN character_string) |
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(reduce: string_type_declaration <- identifier ':' elementary_string_type_name string_type_declaration_size string_type_declaration_init ) |
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(reduce: type_declaration <- string_type_declaration) |
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311 |
|
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|
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313 |
At first glance it seems that removing route 1 would make |
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314 |
the most sense. Unfortunately the construct 'simple_spec_init' |
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shows up multiple times in other rules, so changing this construct |
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would mean changing all the rules in which it appears. |
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I (Mario) therefore chose to remove route 2 instead. This means |
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318 |
that the above declaration gets stored in a |
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319 |
simple_type_declaration_c, and not in a string_type_declaration_c |
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320 |
as would be expected! |
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321 |
|
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|
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323 |
/***********************/ |
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/* B 1.5.1 - Functions */ |
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/***********************/ |
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|
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327 |
|
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328 |
Issue 1 |
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329 |
======= |
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330 |
|
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331 |
Due to reduce/reduce conflicts between identifiers |
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332 |
being reduced to either a variable or an enumerator value, |
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333 |
we were forced to keep a symbol table of the names |
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334 |
of all declared variables. Variables are no longer |
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335 |
created from simple identifier_token, but from |
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336 |
variable_name_token. |
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337 |
|
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BUT, in functions the function name may be used as |
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a variable! In order to be able to parse this correctly, |
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the token parser (flex) must return a variable_name_token |
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when it comes across the function name, while parsing |
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the function itself. |
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We do this by inserting the function name into the variable |
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344 |
symbol table, and having flex return a variable_name_token |
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whenever it comes across it. |
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When we finish parsing the function the variable name |
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symbol table is cleared of all entries, and the function |
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name is inserted into the library element symbol table. This |
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means that from then onwards flex will return a |
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derived_function_name_token whenever it comes across the |
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function name. |
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352 |
|
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353 |
In order to insert the function name into the variable_name |
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354 |
symbol table BEFORE the function body gets parsed, we |
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355 |
need the parser to reduce a construct that contains the |
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356 |
the function name. That is why we created the extra |
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357 |
construct 'function_name_declaration', i.e. to force |
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358 |
the parser to reduce it, before parsing the function body, |
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359 |
and therefore get an oportunity to insert the function name |
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360 |
into the variable name symbol table! |
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361 |
|
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362 |
|
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363 |
/********************************/ |
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364 |
/* B 3.2.4 Iteration Statements */ |
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365 |
/********************************/ |
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366 |
|
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367 |
Issue 1 |
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368 |
======= |
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369 |
|
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370 |
For the 'FOR' iteration loop |
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371 |
|
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372 |
FOR control_variable ASSIGN expression TO expression BY expression DO statement_list END_FOR |
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373 |
|
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374 |
The spec declares the control variable in the syntax as |
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375 |
|
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376 |
control_variable: identifier; |
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377 |
|
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378 |
but then defines the semantics of control_variable (Section 3.3.2.4) |
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379 |
as being of an integer type (e.g., SINT, INT, or DINT). |
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380 |
Obviously this presuposes that the control_variable must have been |
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381 |
declared in some 'VAR .. VAR_END' construct, so I (Mario) changed |
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382 |
the syntax to read |
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383 |
|
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384 |
control_variable: variable_name; |
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385 |
|
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386 |
|
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387 |
|
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388 |
|
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389 |
************************************************************************** |
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390 |
|
265
4d222f46f8cc
Updating license info (with Edouard's permission for relevant files).
Mario de Sousa <msousa@fe.up.pt>
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391 |
Copyright (C) 2003-2011 Mario de Sousa (msousa@fe.up.pt) |